ITIF-如何解决美国儿童的网络安全问题（英）.pdf

itif.orgHowtoAddressChildren’sOnlineSafetyintheUnitedStatesASHLEYJOHNSON|JUNE2024Protectingchildrenfromonlineharmsrequiresacarefulbalancebetweenensuringsafetyandsafeguardingfreespeech,userprivacy,andparents’rights.Themosteffectiveapproachwouldsplitresponsibilitybetweenthegovernment,parents,andonlineservices.KEYTAKEAWAYSDebatesoverhowbesttoprotectchildrenaremucholderthantheInternet,andtheharmschildrenfaceonlinearemanyofthesameharmschildrenfaceinthephysicalworld.Existingfederallegislationoutlawschildsexualexploitationinboththephysicalanddigitalworldsandprotectstheprivacyofchildrenunderage13,whilestateshavemorerecentlypassedlawsimposingspecificrequirementsononlineservices.Manyofthecurrentproposalstoprotectchildrenonlinedonotstriketherightbalance,overburdeningparentsorbusinessesortramplingonusers’rightsinthenameofsafety.Amoreeffectiveapproachrequiresregulationinareassuchasprivacy,digitalidentification,andchildlaborcombinedwithindustry-ledeffortstogiveparentsandchildrenmorecontrolovertheironlineexperience.INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY&INNOVATIONFOUNDATION|JUNE2024PAGE2CONTENTSKeyTakeaways.1Introduction.....2TheCurrentDebate4ExistingLegislation...5ChildSexualExploitationLaw...5Children’sOnlinePrivacyProtectionAct6StateLaws6AnInternationalComparison.....7Children’sPrivacy...9AgeVerification....11ProtectingChildrenfromHarmfulContent..15ChildSexualAbuse....18ChildLabor....20SummaryofProposals21Recommendations25Endnotes.27INTRODUCTIONLouisianabecamethefirststatetopassalaw,in2022,mandatingthatwebsitescontainingatleastone-thirdadultcontentverifytheirusers’agestoensurenoneareunder18.1Withinamatterofmonths,otherstatesfollowed,creatingageverificationrequirementsnotjustforadultwebsitesbutalsoforsocialmediaplatforms.Theselawsreignitedthedebatesurroundingchildren’ssafetyonline,raisingquestionsofwhatpotentialharmschildrenfaceinthedigitalworld,whosejobitistoprotectchildrenfromthoseharms,andwhatformthatprotectionshouldtake.SomechildsafetyadvocatesarguethattheInternet,andparticularlysocialmedia,isresponsibleforavastarrayofpotentialharmstoyoungerusers—including,butnotlimitedto,bullying,addiction,sexualexploitation,andpoorphysicalandmentalhealthoutcomessuchasdepression,bodyimagedisorders,self-harm,andlackofphysicalactivityandexercise.Ontheotherhand,theInternetandsocialmediacanandhaveimprovedyoungpeople’slives,connectingthemwithentertainment,education,andcommunity.Ensuringyoungpeoplegetthebestpossibleonlineexperience—balancingsafetywithutility—isdifficultconsideringeverychildandteenagerhasdifferentneedsandfacesuniquecircumstances.One-size-fits-allregulation—suchasageverificationmandates—willnotsolvealltheseissues.INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY&INNOVATIONFOUNDATION|JUNE2024PAGE3Thisreportdivesintothecurrentdebatesurroundingchildren’sonlinesafety,beginningwithexistinglegislationatthefederalandstatelevels,includingchildsexualexploitationlaw,children’sprivacylegislation,andstateage-appropriatedesignandageverificationlaws.Itthenanalyzesthedifferentproposalstoaddressvariouschildren’sonline