世界银行-全民就业-开启肯尼亚包容性增长：肯尼亚就业诊断（英）.pdf

PublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDisclosureAuthorizedJobsforAllUnlockingInclusiveGrowthinKenyaKENYAJOBSDIAGNOSTIC©2024InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment /TheWorldBank1818HStreetNWWashingtonDC20433Telephone:202-473-1000Internet:www.worldbank.orgThisworkisaproductofthestaffofTheWorldBankwithexternalcontributions.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofTheWorldBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovern-mentstheyrepresent.TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracy,completeness,orcurrencyofthedataincludedinthisworkanddoesnotassumeresponsibilityforanyerrors,omissions,ordiscrepanciesintheinformation,orliabilitywithrespecttotheuseoforfailuretousetheinformation,methods,processes,orconclusionssetforth.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartofTheWorldBankconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.NothinghereinshallconstituteorbeconstruedorconsideredtobealimitationuponorwaiveroftheprivilegesandimmunitiesofTheWorldBank,allofwhicharespecificallyreserved.RightsandPermissionsThematerialinthisworkissubjecttocopyright.BecauseTheWorldBankencouragesdisseminationofitsknowledge,thisworkmaybereproduced,inwholeorinpart,fornoncommer-cialpurposesaslongasfullattributiontothisworkisgiven.Anyqueriesonrightsandlicenses,includingsubsidiaryrights,shouldbeaddressedtoWorldBankPublications,TheWorldBank,1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433,USA;fax:202-522-2625;e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org.Coverillustration:Melitas/AdobeStockPhotos:WorldBankEditinganddesign:NitaCongressiiiContentsAcknowledgments...viiAbbreviations.viiiExecutiveSummary...ix1Gr....1Growth,poverty,andinequality....1Demographicchangeandrateofurbanization2Thesectoral andspatialjobstransformation...4Factoraccumulationandlaborproductivitygrowth..72L..12Laborforceparticipation...13School-to-worktransition...16Unemploymentandunderemployment.....18Employment...21Genderdifferences...26Evolutionofemploymentovertime....27Thepossibilityofservices-ledstructuraltransformation.293L.33Characteristicsoffirms33Jobcreation....40Spotlight:EarlyImpactof COVID-19onKenya’sLaborMarket....424LaborMarketConstraintsandJobsPrograms...47Demand-sideconstraints...47Supply-sideconstraints.....52Socialconstraints.....54Reviewofjobsprogramsimplementedbythegovernment....555Recommendations...59Addressinglong-termstructuralconstraints..60Short-termproductiveengagement....62Improvedatatosupportevidence-basedpolicymaking..66Appendix:DataTables..67Factorsinfluencingfemalelaborforceparticipation.67Educationlevels67References.70ivJobsforAll:UnlockingInclusiveGrowthinKenyaBoxes2.1Employmenttype..163.1Firm-leveldatainKenya..353.2AnalysisofKenya’sformalfirms.364.1InformalSectorsSkillsandOccupationsSurvey...474.2TheFinancialInclusionFund...56Figures1.1Kgrowthinthelastdecade.11.2Thelargest-evercohortsareabouttoreachworkingage..21.3Historicaljo