亚开行-近期央行数字货币在亚洲的发展及其启示（英）-2023.8-82页.pdf

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKRECENTCENTRALBANKDIGITALCURRENCYDEVELOPMENTSINASIAANDTHEIRIMPLICATIONSAUGUST2023ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKRECENTCENTRALBANKDIGITALCURRENCYDEVELOPMENTSINASIAANDTHEIRIMPLICATIONSAUGUST2023 CreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)©2023AsianDevelopmentBank6ADBAvenue,MandaluyongCity,1550MetroManila,PhilippinesTel+63286324444;Fax+63286362444www.adb.orgSomerightsreserved.Publishedin2023.ISBN978-92-9270-280-9(print);978-92-9270-281-6(electronic);978-92-9270-282-3(ebook)PublicationStockNo.TCS230307-2DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS230307-2Theviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsandpoliciesof theAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)oritsBoardofGovernorsorthegovernmentstheyrepresent.ADBdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispublicationandacceptsnoresponsibilityforanyconsequenceoftheiruse.ThementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturersdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyADBinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.Bymakinganydesignationoforreferencetoaparticularterritoryorgeographicarea,orbyusingtheterm“country”in thispublication,ADBdoesnotintendtomakeanyjudgmentsastothelegalorotherstatusofanyterritoryorarea.ThispublicationisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/.Byusingthecontentofthispublication,youagreetobeboundby the termsofthislicense.Forattribution,translations,adaptations,andpermissions,pleasereadtheprovisionsand termsofuseathttps://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess.ThisCClicensedoesnotapplytonon-ADBcopyrightmaterialsinthispublication.Ifthematerialisattributedto anothersource,pleasecontactthecopyrightownerorpublisherofthatsourceforpermissiontoreproduceit.ADBcannotbeheldliableforanyclaimsthatariseasaresultofyouruseofthematerial.Pleasecontactpubsmarketing@adb.orgifyouhavequestionsorcommentswithrespecttocontent,orifyouwishto obtaincopyrightpermissionforyourintendedusethatdoesnotfallwithintheseterms,orforpermissiontousethe ADBlogo.CorrigendatoADBpublicationsmaybefoundathttp://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda.Notes:Inthispublication,“$”referstoUnitedStatesdollars.ADBrecognizes“Brunei”asBruneiDarussalam;“China”asthePeople’sRepublicofChina;“HongKong”asHongKong,China;“Korea”and“SouthKorea”astheRepublicofKorea;“Laos”astheLaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic;“Vietnam”asVietNam;and“Russia”astheRussianFederation.CoverdesignbyClaudetteRodrigo.ContentsTables,Figures,andBoxivAcknowledgmentsvAbbreviationsviExecutiveSummaryvii1Introduction1TheDigitalCurrencyandElectronicPaymentLandscapeinAsia6RecentThoughts,Adoption,andEmergingTrends92CentralBankDigitalCurrencyDefinitionsandModels12Definitions12WholesaleversusRetailCentralBankDigitalCurrencies15Peer-to-PeerTransactionsorthroughIntermediaries16DirectorTwo-TierModels17UnspentTransactionOutputversusState-BasedModel183OpportunitiesandRisksofCentralBankDigitalCurrencies20Opportunities20Risks244RecentDevelopmentsinCentralBankDig